What is GraphQL?
A query language for APIs that lets clients request exactly the data they need in a single request. Unlike REST, the client specifies the shape of the response rather than the server deciding it.
In plain English
If REST is like a set menu at a restaurant where you get the full plate whether you want everything or not, GraphQL is like a buffet where you pick exactly what you want on your plate. You never get too much or too little food — just precisely what you asked for.
How it works
GraphQL APIs have a single endpoint that accepts queries describing the exact data structure the client needs. Instead of multiple REST endpoints (/users, /users/123/posts, /users/123/followers), a single GraphQL query can fetch a user's name, their last 5 posts, and their follower count in one request. A schema defines available types, fields, and relationships.
Why it matters for AI-built apps
GraphQL can dramatically reduce the number of API calls your frontend makes, improving performance. However, it adds significant complexity — schema design, resolver implementation, query optimization, and security considerations (deeply nested queries can crash your server). For most AI-built startups, REST is simpler. Consider GraphQL when you have multiple clients with very different data needs.
Common issues
N+1 query problems (each field triggering a separate database query), deeply nested queries causing performance issues (no query depth limiting), overly complex schemas, lack of caching (harder than REST), missing rate limiting based on query complexity, and exposing more data than intended through introspection.
Best practices
Use DataLoader to batch and cache database queries (solving N+1). Implement query depth and complexity limiting. Disable introspection in production. Use persisted queries for security. Consider code-first schema design (Nexus, TypeGraphQL) over schema-first. Implement proper error handling. Use tools like Apollo Server or Yoga for a solid foundation.
Frequently asked questions
Should I switch from REST to GraphQL?
Not unless you have a specific problem REST isn't solving well. If your frontend makes many roundtrips to assemble data, or you have mobile clients that need minimal data payloads, GraphQL can help. But for most early-stage apps, REST is simpler, better understood, and has more mature tooling. Don't switch for trends — switch for tangible benefits.
Can I use both REST and GraphQL in the same app?
Absolutely, and many successful companies do. Use REST for simple CRUD operations and webhooks, and GraphQL for complex data fetching where the client needs flexibility. You can also add a GraphQL layer that wraps your existing REST endpoints as you transition.
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